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An operating system serves as the foundation for any computing apparatus. It manages responsibilities such as memory allocation, file systems, device interactions, security, and scheduling of processes. Various categories of operating systems function distinctly depending on their execution of these tasks.
In this discussion, we will delve into operating systems and their classifications, as well as examine their applications and tangible instances.

Table of Contents:

• ​​Definition of an Operating System
• ​Fundamental Functions of an Operating System
• ​Significance of OS in Contemporary Computing
• Categories of Operating Systems
  1. Batch Operating System
  2. Multi-Programming Operating System
  3. Multi-Tasking (Time-Sharing) Operating System
  4. Multiprocessing Operating System
  5. Multi-User Operating System
  6. Distributed Operating System
  7. Network Operating System
  8. Real-Time Operating System
  9. Mobile Operating System
• ​Essential Distinctions Among Various Types of Operating Systems
• ​Upcoming Trends in Operating Systems
• ​Summary​

Definition of an Operating System

An Operating System (OS) is a system software that offers a bridge between computer hardware and the user. An OS administers the resources and functionalities of the computer and oversees the execution and monitoring of all other applications running on it. Numerous activities undertaken are related to file management, input/output control, process scheduling, and memory allocation, thereby fostering a productive connection between the machine and its user.

Fundamental Functions of an Operating System

The primary objective of an operating system is to furnish a platform where users can run applications and resources efficiently and effectively.

• Memory Management: This vital function of an operating system oversees the allocation and deallocation of memory for various active processes operating in the main memory while regulating storage activities in secondary memory. The OS usually allocates main memory through methods like segmentation and paging for processes. The management of secondary memory allocations focuses on organizing how files are stored on a disk, rather than direct memory assignments.
• File Management: This essential function of operating systems ensures structured storage, access, and governance of files residing on storage devices such as SSDs or hard drives. The OS conceals hardware intricacies and provides a coherent perspective of files.
• Process Management: Another critical function of operating systems is overseeing the creation, scheduling, execution, and conclusion of application/executable instances, known as processes. The OS allocates specific CPU time to each process and manages resources for all operations, including multitasking and context switching.

Significance of OS in Contemporary Computing

Here are several key reasons underscoring the importance of OS in today’s digital era:

• Multitasking and Parallel Processing: Modern systems must enable users to operate multiple applications simultaneously. For instance, while web browsing or streaming videos, security software or cloud synchronization tools frequently operate unobtrusively in the background. The OS facilitates multitasking and effectively tracks parallel processes.
• Device and Hardware Compatibility: Coupled with integrated drivers, the OS enables users to connect with a variety of hardware devices. These devices can include peripherals such as keyboards, printers, GPUs, or other external components.
• Efficient Resource Management: Contemporary applications demand significant resources, necessitating systems to manage CPU, storage, memory, and input/output devices judiciously. The OS is accountable for orchestrating these resources so that multiple processes and tasks can utilize them without interference.
• Support for Cloud, Virtualization, and AI: The OS accommodates cloud, virtualization, and AI tasks in various environments, including cloud computing platforms (e.g., Linux, Windows), virtual machines and hypervisor software (e.g., KVM, VMware, Hyper-V), as well as AI and machine learning workloads. The OS is essential in data centers and for Software as a Service (SaaS) and enterprise infrastructures.

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Categories of Operating Systems

There exists a variety of Operating systems based on their functionalities.

They include:

• Batch Operating System
• Multiprogramming Operating System

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• Operating System
• Multi-Tasking (Time-Sharing) Operating System
• Multiprocessing Operating System
• Multi-User Operating System
• Distributed Operating System
• Network Operating System
• Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
• Mobile Operating Systems

1. Batch Operating System

A batch operating system is a type of system that organizes user tasks into batches, which operate in sequence without any interaction from the user. Each set of tasks is processed en masse, meaning once you submit your task, it will be handled individually without any user involvement, thereby preventing interleaving or communication between tasks from different users.

Functioning

• Job Submission – Users prepare their tasks, typically using magnetic tapes or punch cards, and present them to the operator.
• Batch Creation – The operators compile the tasks, categorizing them based on resource requirements, and group them into a batch to enhance operational efficiency.
• Sequential Execution – The operating system retains all jobs in memory and executes each batch sequentially, ensuring one task is handled at a time to optimize resource usage.
• Memory Management – The memory assigned to the task is only released upon completion; thus, memory becomes available for other processes afterward.

Advantages of a Batch Operating System

• Enhanced Throughput – With the ability to execute numerous jobs quickly, it achieves greater throughput.
• Fewer Mistakes – Due to minimal user interactions, there are fewer opportunities for human errors that could arise during manual handling.
• Resource Optimization – The batch operating system utilizes scheduling, efficiently managing resources by clustering similar tasks together.
• Decreased Management Effort – The batching system aids in managing and scheduling multiple tasks effectively.
• Scalability – It can accommodate a significant number of tasks, making it suitable for processing large volumes of data.

Drawbacks of Batch Operating Systems

• Priority Challenges – Batch systems process requests in sequential order, which may prolong the waiting time for high-priority tasks.
• Lack of User Engagement – Users cannot directly interact with the system, potentially complicating debugging efforts.
• Impact of Execution Issues – A failure in executing a task can stall all subsequent processes until the issue is resolved.
• Expensive to Maintain – Operating and maintaining the system can be costly, especially with specialized hardware or software requirements.
• Debugging Challenges – Identifying errors can be a slow and arduous task because users do not receive immediate feedback and cannot halt ongoing processes to retry.

Use Cases and Practical Examples

Below are examples of batch operating systems:

• Data Analysis – Batch operating systems are applied in data analysis workflows where large datasets need processing without user interaction. They enable scheduling or running lengthy analytical tasks, such as those performed with Apache Hadoop and Spark.
• Healthcare – In the healthcare sector, batch operating systems manage extensive patient data to generate various reports. Applications in hospitals like Apollo or MAX utilize a batching system to oversee large datasets of patient information.

2. Multi-Programming Operating System

A Multi-Programming Operating System is a kind of operating system that allows multiple programs to execute concurrently in the main memory, sharing the CPU to enhance performance. Essentially, when one program is waiting due to an error, the CPU switches to another program that is ready for execution.

Functioning

The primary function of a multi-programming operating system revolves around maximizing CPU utilization by allocating memory for several programs simultaneously.

Operational Steps:

• CPU Switching – When one program pauses or waits to complete, the CPU switches to another ready program.
• Apparent Concurrency – Users perceive that multiple programs are running in parallel due to the rapid switching by the CPU, despite them executing sequentially.
• Multiple Programs in Memory – The multi-programming operating system enables numerous programs to operate at once in the main memory.
• Context Switching – The system maintains the current program’s state while loading the next program’s state, allowing for quick CPU switching during I/O wait times.
• Concurrent Execution – Even though only one program can utilize the CPU at any one moment, multiple programs can progress simultaneously.

Advantages of a Multi-Programming Operating System

The following are the benefits of a multi-programming operating system:

• Enhanced CPU Utilization – It increases the efficiency of CPU usage.
• Support for Multiple User Interaction – It accommodates various users engaging with the system simultaneously.
• Improved System Throughput – More programs can be executed concurrently, resulting in greater overall productivity.
• Reduced Turnaround Time – Shorter programs can complete faster since the CPU can switch quickly to any other ready jobs.
• Increased System Responsiveness – It boosts the system’s responsiveness by enhancing CPU efficiency.

Disadvantages of a Multi-Programming Operating System

Here are some drawbacks of multi-programming operating systems:

• Increased Complexity – Managing multiple programs simultaneously raises the complexity of the operating system.
• Complicated Debugging –
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  • Debugging Challenges – With several applications operating simultaneously, diagnosing issues in the program(s) becomes challenging.
  • Memory Oversight – Allocating and overseeing memory for diverse programs proves to be quite difficult.
  • Heat Generation Problems – Extensive use of a multiprogramming OS can lead to overheating concerns.
  • Extended Execution Times – Programs that take longer to execute might face prolonged wait times.

  Applications and Real-World Illustrations

  Examples of uses of multi-programming operating systems are detailed below:

  • Time-Sharing Framework – Employed in scenarios where multiple users need simultaneous access, ensuring each user receives appropriate CPU time. A typical example includes cloud-based terminal services and early banking mainframes.
  • High Throughput Framework – Facilitates the completion of numerous tasks with minimal CPU time required. A prominent instance of this is in banking transaction processing systems.
  • Multitasking Setting – By supporting the execution of diverse programs, it fosters a multitasking environment. An illustration is the simultaneous use of numerous active applications on Linux or macOS, utilizing a multi-programming OS.
  • Server Configuration – Implemented in web and application servers where datasets and storage are shared among hundreds or thousands of users.
  • Academic and Research Institutions – Facilitates remote access to research environments, user laboratories, and simulations by allocating CPU resources to various programs. An example would be university research labs or servers.

  3. Multi-Tasking (Time-Sharing) Operating System

  A multi-tasking operating system is a variant of an OS that permits the concurrent execution of multiple processes, thus enhancing system performance. It augments multiprogramming by designating fixed time slots for each ready-to-run process, promoting improved CPU utilization.

  Operational Mechanics

  To handle multiple tasks, a multitasking OS employs technologies such as context switching and time-sharing. The operational specifics of the multi-tasking operating system are outlined below:

  • CPU Resource Utilization: When one task is held up for an I/O operation, other tasks that are ready can utilize the CPU.
  • User Responsiveness: The system enhances user interaction, allowing multiple tasks to be managed concurrently, improving the overall experience.
  • Time-Slicing: Each task is allotted a time slice for execution, ensuring equitable sharing of CPU resources as time is segmented into smaller intervals.
  • Context Switching: When a task is paused or awaiting execution, its context is preserved, and the OS shifts to another task that is prepared to run.
  • Performance: It provides users with a seamless experience across various applications.

  Benefits of a Multi-Tasking Operating System

  The benefits associated with multitasking OS are outlined below:

  • Enhanced User Engagement: Users can transition between applications without long waiting periods for a single task to finish.
  • Optimized Resource Usage: The ability to switch tasks allows for more efficient use of resources.
  • Higher Efficiency: Supporting multitasking aids in boosting productivity levels.
  • Effective Memory Utilization: It promotes efficient memory use by enabling various tasks to run simultaneously without interference.
  • Background Task Processing: While one task is active, another can operate in the background.

  Drawbacks of Multi-Tasking Operating Systems

  The drawbacks of a multi-tasking OS are as follows:

  • Competition for Resources: Occasionally, multiple tasks may vie for the same resources, leading to performance complications.
  • Increased Complexity: The design and implementation of multitasking operating systems can be intricate since they manage multiple tasks concurrently.
  • Context Switch Overhead: Transitioning contexts can sometimes adversely affect performance.
  • Error Potential: Multitasking can complicate debugging, given that multiple tasks may run simultaneously.
  • Real-time Task Challenges: Managing priorities for real-time tasks can become complicated.

  Applications and Real-World Illustrations

  Examples of applications along with illustrations are presented below:

  • Servers: Servers predominantly manage multiple user requests and other system interactions simultaneously, making them inherently multitasking. Examples include file servers and Windows servers.
  • Personal Computers: These systems facilitate the simultaneous operation of various tasks, such as media players, word processors, and web browsers. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
  • Smart Devices: These allow users to run multiple applications concurrently. Examples include iPhones and Android devices.
  • Corporate Workstations: In corporate settings, diverse tasks are performed, ranging from work activities to video conferencing. Examples include Zoom, Teams, emails, etc.
  • Software Development Environment: Various processes occur concurrently including application testing, browser access, code compilation, and the use of debugging tools. An example would be Ubuntu.

  4. Multi-Processing Operating System

  A multiprogramming operating system permits multiple CPUs to process jobs within a computer system. This type of operating system enhances throughput by enabling faster data handling, reliability, and efficient resource distribution.

  Operational Mechanics:

  The functioning of a multiprogramming operating system is illustrated below:

  • Multiple CPUs: The multiprogramming operating system operates utilizing several processor cores within the machine.
  • Resource Distribution: The multiprogramming operating system assigns tasks and promotes effective resource utilization.
  • Access to Shared Memory: All processors have access to the same primary memory.

  Benefits of a Multi-Processor Operating System

  • Enhanced Reliability: With multiple CPUs, reliability is improved; if one CPU encounters an issue, another can continue processing.
  • Improved Resource Optimization: Multiple processors provide additional layers of resource management.
  • Greater Scalability: Systems can scale more efficiently by adding extra CPUs to handle increased workloads.
  • Boosted Performance: With several processors executing tasks, workload distribution enhances CPU utilization effectively.

  Drawbacks of a Multi-Processor Operating System

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  • Complex OS Architecture: The operating system for multiprocessor environments must facilitate intricate synchronization, scheduling, and load distribution, leading to challenges in OS creation and enhancement.
  • Scalability Concerns: Though multiprocessor configurations are scalable, their performance may not increase proportionally with additional CPUs due to latency in communication and resource contention.
  • Resource Competition: Processors vie for access to identical resources, such as memory and I/O units. Simultaneous attempts by multiple processors to access a resource can lead to processing delays.
  • Advanced Software Requirements: Not every application is developed for parallel execution across multiple processors; the software capable of achieving parallelism is often more intricate to implement and troubleshoot than sequential programming.
  • Increased Expenses: Multiprocessor systems entail multiple CPUs, enhanced cooling solutions, and more intricate hardware designs, resulting in higher costs.

  Use Cases and Real-World Illustrations

  Several use cases along with illustrations include:

  • Database Server: Capable of managing extensive databases and transaction systems. For instance, Oracle Database.
  • General-purpose computing: Multiplicity for contemporary computing applications. For example, Windows 11.

  5. Multi-User Operating System

  A Multi-User Operating System is designed to allow multiple individuals to concurrently access a single system.

  Functionality:

  • User Sessions: Each user can remain isolated while performing their tasks independently.
  • Time Allocation: The OS assigns CPU resources to each user for a predetermined duration.
  • Resource Sharing: Users can share system assets (like printers or certain files) without interfering with each other.
  • Process Isolation: Tasks from different users are kept separate to prevent disruption at the process level.
  • Security: The OS enforces security measures to ensure that one user cannot access another user’s data without consent.

  Benefits of a Multi-User Operating System

  • Resource Sharing: Multiple users can access the system simultaneously, aiding in reducing hardware expenses.
  • Centralized Control: System administrators can oversee the activities of all users on a single machine.
  • Efficiency: A multi-user OS can enhance CPU and memory usage effectiveness. Remote Access: Users can access the system from various remote locations.
  • Data Consistency: Updated information can be readily available to all users at the same time from a central source.

  Drawbacks of a Multi-User Operating System

  • Security Risks: If not properly managed, there is an increased risk of data breaches.
  • Performance Challenges: The system may slow down with excessive concurrent users.
  • Resource Conflicts: Competition among users for resources can lead to delays in accessibility.
  • Setup Complexity: A technical setup with a learning curve may be required to effectively use the system.
  • High Dependence: The functionality of all users relies on a single system; if the primary system encounters issues, all users are impacted.

  Use Case:

  • Mainframe Systems: Employed by larger enterprises and government entities to accommodate multiple users accessing the same information and operating applications concurrently. Example: IBM z/OS.
  • University Computer Labs: Students log in to the same system using distinct user accounts to complete their assignments. Example: UNIX systems in laboratory settings.

  6. Distributed Operating System

  A Distributed Operating System is designed to manage a collection of independent computers, giving users the sensation of interacting with a unified system. These systems distribute workloads among various processors.

  Functionality:

  • Transparency: Users perceive the system as a singular entity.
  • Resource Sharing: Devices, files, and services are accessible across several machines.
  • Fault Tolerance: When one unit fails, other units remain operational.
  • Scalability: Adding additional systems is straightforward.
  • Communication: Distributed systems utilize message passing for inter-system communication and synchronization.

  Advantages of a Distributed Operating System

  • Enhanced Performance: Tasks can be partitioned to prevent any individual system from becoming overwhelmed.
  • Fault Tolerance: The system remains functional even if a node fails.
  • Scalability: New machines can be easily incorporated into the system.
  • Resource Utilization: Enhances the use of all resources across all systems.
  • Increased Parallel Processing: Provides better time efficiency by handling tasks in parallel.

  Disadvantages of a Distributed Operating System

  • Increased Management Complexity: Require more expertise to administer and maintain.
  • Network Dependency: System performance may deteriorate if the network fails.
  • Network Security: Data may be susceptible during transmission.
  • Synchronization Challenges: Keeping data synchronized across all systems can become challenging.
  • High Costs: Establishing and maintaining such a system may be costly.

  Use Cases and Illustrations

  Here are some practical implementations of distributed OS:

  • Google Search Architecture: Google operates a distributed system that processes vast numbers of search queries across numerous data centers. Example: Google File System and MapReduce.
  • Cloud Platforms: Services on demand, like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure, provide a distributed OS framework for managing services and data processing across diverse locations. Example: Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Stack.

  7. Network Operating System

  A Network Operating System refers to software enabling multiple computers to communicate over a network, allowing users to share files, printers, and other resources.

  Functionality:

  • Connection: Users are allowed to access shared resources seamlessly.
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    Devices are linked through LAN or WAN.
  • Central Control: A single system (server) manages the others.
  • Resource Sharing: Equipment like printers and drives are utilized collectively.
  • Access Management: User access is regulated via permissions.
  • Data Transfer: Information is exchanged among nodes within the network.

  Benefits of a Network Operating System

  • Centralized User, Data, and Security Oversight: Administrators can handle users and data from a unified platform.
  • Backup and Recovery: A centralized backup procedure minimizes instances of data loss.
  • Security Protocols: Enhanced control regarding who can access resources and their permissions.
  • Adaptability: Simplified integration of devices for sharing.

  Drawbacks of a Network Operating System

  • Expensive: Associated costs are elevated; installation and upkeep WILL incur significant expenses.
  • Server Dependency: A server malfunction could disrupt the entire network.
  • Scalability Issues: The network may become cumbersome as additional devices are added.
  • Overhead/Performance: More devices imply a heavier load on the server.

  Real-Life Illustrations

  Business Networks: Typically utilize NOS, where each office needs authorization to access devices or data (such as Windows OS or Mac OS).

  8. Real-Time Operating System

  A Real-Time Operating System is ideal for scenarios where precise timing is essential. It ensures that various tasks are executed within strict timelines.

  Operation:

  • Real-Time Scheduling: The OS assigns tasks based on their priorities.
  • Timing: All tasks must conclude as scheduled.
  • Interrupts: The system must react promptly to real-world signals.
  • Tasks: Only essential tasks receive priority.
  • Delay: The OS actively works to avoid unnecessary delays.

  Advantages of RTOS

  • Rapid Response Time: Swift execution of tasks.
  • Dependable Reliability: An optimal choice for critical systems.
  • Efficient Task Scheduling: Tasks are prioritized effectively.
  • Minimized Latencies: Quick and reduced response intervals.
  • Predictable Timing: Expected outputs occur within a defined timeframe.

  Drawbacks of Real-Time Operating Systems

  • Complex Design Requirements: RTOS necessitates meticulous design and coding.
  • Limited Features: Speed may be prioritized at the expense of user considerations.
  • Costly: Specialized hardware and development can be expensive.
  • Difficult Debugging: Validating test cases with time-sensitive applications can be challenging.
  • Reduced Flexibility: Tasks or processes must adhere to strict time constraints.

  Use Cases:

  • Medical Applications: Devices like pacemakers and patient monitors.
  • Industrial Applications: Robots on assembly lines.
  • Aerospace Applications: Missile and flight control systems.

  9. Mobile Operating System

  Mobile Operating Systems generally operate on smartphones and tablets. They facilitate touch input, wireless connectivity, media playback, and applications.

  Operation:

  • Touch Interface: A touch interface reacts to finger taps or swipes.
  • Power Management: Controls power usage to prolong battery life.
  • Application Management: Oversees and operates applications running in the background.
  • Connectivity: Manages mobile networks, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi.

  Benefits of Mobile Operating Systems

  • User-Friendly: An intuitive interface accessible to all users.
  • Diverse Application Selection: Millions of applications are available for download.
  • Portability: Devices can be taken anywhere.
  • Frequent Updates: Enhancements to performance and security fixes are regular.
  • Pre-installed Features: Includes camera, maps, music, messaging, etc.

  Drawbacks of Mobile Operating Systems

  • Limited Customization: Users are restricted in modifying system settings outside a narrow interface.
  • Battery Drain: Extended usage of applications can rapidly deplete the battery.
  • Hardware Dependency: Performance relies heavily on the phone’s hardware.
  • Application Incompatibility: Some applications may not function properly on specific devices.

  Examples of Use Cases: Android, iOS, Harmony OS

  Key Distinctions Among Various Types of Operating Systems

  OS Type	Main Features	Typical Use Cases	Limitations
  Multi-User OS	Enables multiple users on a single system	Mainframes, Banking, University Laboratories	Security concerns, performance challenges
  Distributed OS	Operates across multiple systems as one integrated unit	Cloud services, Telecommunications, Scientific applications	Complex installation, reliant on network
  Network OS	Administers resources across a network	Corporate offices, Libraries, Academic Institutions	Dependent on server, expensive setup
  Real-Time OS (RTOS)	Task execution bound by time constraints	Medical apparatus, Automotive, Robotics	Complex in nature, not very user-friendly
  Mobile OS	Touch-based, power-conscious, application-centric	Smartphones, Tablets	Hardware limitations, app restrictions

  Future Directions in Operating Systems

  Operating Systems are evolving to meet contemporary demands in scalability, interconnectedness, and intelligence. Some expected trends include:

  • Cloud-Based Operating System: Facilitates device access to system resources, storage, and applications via the cloud, thereby reducing reliance on local hardware. For instance, Windows 365 Cloud PC provides a complete Windows desktop through cloud streaming.
  • Virtual Operating System: These systems are intended to operate within virtual machines or containers, delivering isolated and customizable environments for varying workloads. Examples include VirtualBox, VMware Workstation, and KVM-based virtual Linux servers.

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  • AI-Enhanced Operating Systems: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are integrated to streamline tasks, improve resource management, boost security, and offer predictive support. For instance, Huawei HarmonyOS, Windows 11, etc.
  • OS for IoT and Edge Devices: It offers a lean memory usage and real-time analysis for sensor information. Examples include FreeRT OS, Google’s Fuchsia OS, etc.
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  Conclusion

  Operating systems are found in every computing device: large and small, from massive mainframes to compact mobile phones. Each type of OS—Multi-user operating systems, Distributed operating systems, Network operating systems, Real-time operating systems, and Mobile operating systems—has distinct advantages, operational methods, and intentions. By comprehending their functionality, applications, and the pros and cons of each, we can choose the suitable OS for our needs. As technology advances, we’re observing the rise of cloud, virtual, AI, and IoT-focused operating systems. The trends we will discuss in operating systems indicate a continuous evolution to satisfy demands for speed, safety, connectivity, and intelligence.

  Categories of Operating Systems – FAQs

  1. What are the 5 major categories of operating systems?

  There are 9 categories of operating systems; among these, the 5 most vital types include batch operating systems, multitasking operating systems, real-time operating systems, distributed operating systems, and network operating systems.

  2. Which OS is best suited for multitasking?

  Multitasking operating systems are designed to enable multiple operations to run concurrently. The top OSs for multitasking are Windows, macOS, and Linux.

  3. What distinguishes multitasking from multiprocessing OS?

  The key distinction between multitasking and multiprocessing OS is that multitasking permits a single processor to manage several tasks at once, while multiprocessing employs multiple processors to carry out tasks simultaneously.

  4. Is Linux classified as a real-time operating system?

  No, Linux is not considered a real-time operating system.

  5. What are examples of mobile operating systems?

  Mobile Operating Systems are utilized to govern mobile devices like smartphones or tablets. Some examples include iOS, Windows Phone OS, and Android.

  The article Types of Operating System: A Complete Guide with Features, Pros & Cons appeared first on Intellipaat Blog.

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