Logical Operators in C++ are the symbols employed to execute logical functions and make choices. Whether you need to evaluate several conditions or manage loops based on Boolean logic, logical operators assist you in all these activities. In this article, we will explore what logical operators are in C++, their various types, precedence and associativity, short-circuit evaluation, and a comparison with bitwise operators in C++.
Logical operators in C++ allow you to conduct logical operations on two or more boolean expressions and yield a result of either true or false. These operators are frequently utilized in conditional statements such as if, while, etc., to direct the program’s flow.
Types of Logical Operators in C++
There are three categories of logical operators:
Operator Name
Symbol
Description
Logical AND
&&
Returns true if both conditions are satisfied.
Logical OR
||
Returns true if at least one condition holds.
Logical NOT
!
Inverts the logical value of the condition.
Now, let’s briefly discuss each type of logical operator, with examples in C++:
1. Logical AND (&&) in C++
The logical AND operator in C++ is utilized to ascertain if both conditions hold true and returns true if they do, otherwise it provides false.
Syntax:
condition1 && condition2
Truth Table for Logical AND (&&):
condition1
condition2
(condition1 && condition2)
true
true
true
true
false
false
false
true
false
false
false
false
Example:
Cpp
Code Copied!
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Result:
The program demonstrates how the logical AND operator evaluates conditions to determine if an individual is 18 years or older and has a score exceeding 80. If both conditions are satisfied, it displays “Eligible for the program” otherwise, it shows “Not eligible”.
2. Logical OR (||) in C++
The logical OR operator in C++ verifies if at least one of the conditions holds true and returns true in such a case. It returns false only if both conditions are false.
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Result:
The program demonstrates the application of the logical OR operator to ascertain if a student may enter the examination, provided that they achieved a score of 50 or higher, or have a minimum attendance of 75%.
3. Logical NOT (!) in C++
The logical NOT operator in C++ serves to invert the truth value of a condition. Thus, if a condition is true, this operator will convert it to false, and vice versa.
Syntax:
!condition
Truth Table for Logical NOT (!)
Condition
(!Condition)
true
false
false
true
Illustration:
Cpp
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Result:
The code demonstrates how the logical NOT operator is utilized to verify if it is not raining, suggesting “Go for a stroll” since it’s not raining; otherwise, it will recommend “Remain indoors”.
Hierarchy and Associativity of Logical Operators in C++
The hierarchy defines the sequence in which different operators are assessed in an expression, and the associativity specifies the order in which the operator is evaluated when multiple operators share the same hierarchy.
The hierarchy level and associativity of the logical operators are:
Operator
Hierarchy
Associativity
!
Highest
Right to Left
&&
Middle
Left to Right
||
Lowest
Logical OR
Short-Circuit Evaluation of Logical Operators in C++
A short-circuit evaluation of logical operators refers to observing the behavior of these operators. In essence, C++ halts evaluation as soon as the outcome is determined. This evaluation principally applies to logical AND(&&) and logical OR(||) operators.
1. Short-Circuit Evaluation of Logical AND (&&) in C++
Short-circuit evaluation: If the first operand is false, the entire expression becomes false, hence there is no necessity to assess the second operand.
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Output:
This code demonstrates that because x != 0 is false, there is no necessity to evaluate the subsequent condition, as the outcome will invariably be false.
2. Short-Circuit Evaluation of Logical OR (||) in C++
Short-circuit evaluation: If the first operand evaluates to true, the entire expression automatically results in true, negating the need to verify the second operand.
Example:
Cpp
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Output:
This code illustrates that the logical OR operator behaves such that x == 0 yields true, rendering any assessment of the second condition unnecessary, as the outcome will inevitably be true.
In C++, logical operators are crucial for making decisions by evaluating expressions that yield Boolean results. These operators are instrumental in guiding program execution in constructs such as if, while, and for loops. Thus, by comprehending their behavior, precedence, associativity, and distinctions from bitwise operators, you can effectively craft C++ programs utilizing logical operators.
Common Questions – Logical Operators in C++
Q1. What are the purposes of logical operators in C++?
Logical operators are utilized to assess conditions and produce true or false outcomes.
Q2. What does short-circuiting mean in logical operators?
Short-circuiting is a method that bypasses evaluating the second condition if the outcome is already decided by the first.
Q3. What is the difference between && and &?
The distinction between && and & is that && signifies logical AND (Boolean), while & represents bitwise AND (binary).
Q4. Can logical operators function with non-Boolean values?
Indeed, non-zero is regarded as true and zero as false.
Q5. Which logical operator holds the top precedence?
The Logical NOT operator (!) possesses the highest precedence.
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